{"id":15835,"date":"2024-12-11T08:20:12","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T08:20:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?p=15835"},"modified":"2026-03-05T10:55:00","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T10:55:00","slug":"our-new-commemorative-2-coin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/followthethings.com\/?p=15835","title":{"rendered":"Our New Commemorative \u00a32 coin"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"361\" height=\"230\" src=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/miner-2-pound-coin1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15839\" style=\"width:538px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/followthethings.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/miner-2-pound-coin1.jpg 361w, https:\/\/followthethings.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/miner-2-pound-coin1-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile has-small-font-size is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:7.99%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border wp-duotone-unset-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/ftt-ladybird-geoblogs.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-135\" style=\"border-radius:100px;object-fit:cover;width:43px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:92.01%\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\"><strong>followthethings.com<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?page_id=711\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"711\">Money &amp; Finance<\/a><br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px;min-height:0px\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-e555385e wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons has-custom-font-size is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-65a8c4df wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"font-size:8px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--2\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=2010\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">2010<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--3\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=royally-minted\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">ROYALLY MINTED<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--4\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-vivid-red-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=coin\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">COMMEMORATIVE \u00a32 COIN<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--5\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=origin-chile\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">MINED IN CHILE<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--6\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=origin-peru\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">MINED IN PERU<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--7\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=origin-russia\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">MINED IN RUSSIA<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--8\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=destination-uk\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">SPENT IN THE UK<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--9\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-vivid-purple-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=follow-it-yourself\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">FOLLOW IT YOURSELF<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--10\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-vivid-purple-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=object-of-circulation\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">OBJECT OF CIRCULATION<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--11\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=pop-the-bubble\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">POP THE BUBBLE<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--12\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=cross-cultures\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">CROSS CULTURES<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--13\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=show-capitalist-evils\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">SHOW CAPITALIST EVILS<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--14\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=teach-economic-geography\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">TEACH ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--15\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=choose-the-right-thing\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">CHOOSE THE RIGHT THING<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--16\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=take-it-to-pieces\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">TAKE IT TO PIECES<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--17\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=humanise-things\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">HUMANISE THINGS<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--18\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=embody-exploitation\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">EMBODY EXPLOITATION<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--19\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=imake-the-hidden-visible\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">MAKE THE HIDDEN VISIBLE<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--20\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=overlap-scenes\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">OVERLAP SCENES<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--21\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=redesign-the-commodity\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">REDESIGN THE COMMODITY<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--22\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=make-it-meta\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">MAKE IT META<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--23\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=include-haunting-horror\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">INCLUDE HAUNTING &amp; HORROR<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--24\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=add-to-the-mix\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">ADD TO THE MIX<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--25\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/follow-the-things.onyx-sites.io\/?tag=lie-to-tell-the-truth\" style=\"border-radius:5px;font-size:12px\">LIE TO TELL THE TRUTH<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#f6f0ec\">&#8220;<strong>Our Commemorative \u00a32 Coin<\/strong>&#8220;<br>Undergraduate coursework written by Mike Swan, Will Davies, Emma Christie-Miller, Becky Woolford, Meagan Wheatley, Maddie Redfern, Robbie Black, Lucy Webber, Jade Stevens, Katy Charlton &amp; Tom Bollands (a.k.a Royally Minted).<br>Available in full below. Originally posted online <a href=\"http:\/\/royallyminted.wordpress.com\/\">here<\/a>.<br><br>In 2010, students start the \u2018Geographies of Material Culture\u2019 by researching different examples of trade justice activism to add to the followthethings.com website (not all of them made it). Next, students who have researched different examples came together to create their own original examples of trade justice activism. They pick up some important ideas from their own research and what has already been published here on followthethings.com. They know the importance of looking beyond the usual suspects of follow the things activist &#8211; phones, fashion and food &#8211; and think about something they don&#8217;t think about, something that&#8217;s made by doesn&#8217;t have a &#8216;made in&#8217; label, something that&#8217;s jangling in all of their pockets: coins. They know that they&#8217;re made of metal, but have no idea which ones or where they might be mined by whom. They&#8217;ve read about commodities embodying the labour of their creators, and being haunted by them. They&#8217;re carrying around, they&#8217;re spending, the labour of those mine workers. It&#8217;s easy to find which metals are in coins. The organisations that mint them tend to say so. And it&#8217;s not difficult to find newspaper, NGO and occupational toxicology research that profiles the labour that goes into mining these metals around the world, the multiple forms of pollution caused by this mining and the damage this does to people&#8217;s health, social structures and the environment. The group&#8217;s task is to think about how best to present their findings, to make those lives part of this thing, to insert those lives into the lives of coins and their transaction. 2010 sees the UK&#8217;s Royal Mint releasing a two commemorative \u00a32 coins: to mark 150 years of modern nursing and the 100 years since the death of Florence Nightingale. The group &#8211; now calling themselves &#8216;Royally Minted&#8217; &#8211; decide to design a third that will commemorate the labour that goes into mining those coins&#8217; metals. They look at the Royal Mint&#8217;s commemorative coin webpages and mimic their format and content. It&#8217;s all very celebratory, very collectable. These students are particularly inspired by forms of activism &#8211; like the Suffragette Penny &#8211; which puts political issues into circulation on and as commodities. Money &#8211; with its unique status as a commodity and a means of exchange &#8211; is a perfect vehicle for political messages. If only the Royal Mint would commission this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Page reference: Royally Minted (2010) <em>Our New Commemorative \u00a32 Coin. <\/em>followthethings.com\/our-new-commemorative-\u00a32-coin.shtml (last accessed &lt;insert date here&gt;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estimated reading time: 15 minutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Original<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-560bca23d625ab6878abed42dbb17807\">Design<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Front:<\/em> Detailed impression of the Copper processing plant at Escondida, Chile, to enlighten the bearer of this special piece&#8217;s origins. <em><br><br>Back:<\/em> In lieu of the traditional portrait of the Queen, this special coin features a monument to the hapless men that help fuel our economic system. <em><br><br>Edge:<\/em> Reads Contrive magicus sponte \u2013 a fiction of magical spontaneity. Old proverb bemoaning the mystical properties given to cash and its creation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9533f33f985eb74771b2973c093602bf\">Specifications<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Diameter:<\/em> 28.4mm<br><em>Weight:<\/em> 12.0g<br><em>Thickness:<\/em> 2.50mm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f75922b7cf515b382ab9586f5e10b2ec\">Composition<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Outer:<\/em> Nickel-Brass (76% copper, 4% nickel, 20% zinc)<br><em>Inner: <\/em>Cupro-nickel (75% copper, 25% nickel)<br>(Source: Royal Mint nda <a href=\"http:\/\/www.royalmint.com\/Corporate\/facts\/coins\/TwoPoundCoin.aspx\">link<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1dc19a12dea3bc6016889f18c6d1fe53\">About your coin<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This beautiful commemorative coin, designed by the renowned engraver Benedetto Pistrucci (Anon nda <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benedetto_Pistrucci\">link<\/a>), has been released to celebrate The Royal Mint&#8217;s dirty money and commitment to the finest quality coinage in Britain since the year 886. The design was inspired by the long-standing relationships with Escondida Copper Mine in Chile and Norilsk Nickel mine in Russia; as well as countless others throughout the developing world. Copper, Nickel and Zinc are the quality metals that are combined to bring you the iconic \u00a32 Sterling coins that sit loosely in your pocket everyday, yet whose production remains shrouded in mystery.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All copper and Nickel exported from South America and Russia is traded for at the prestigious London Metal Exchange. Established 130 years ago it remains <em>&#8216;the<\/em> world&#8217;s premier non-ferrous metals market&#8217; and a fantastic opportunity for the Mint to ensure that our tender is bought to you with minimal cost (London Metal Exchange nd <a href=\"http:\/\/www.royalmint.com\/Corporate\/facts\/coins\/TwoPoundCoin.aspx\">link<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b65e7aec56b0b8a542b687adeeccaecb\"><strong>The metals<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6bbd5e4decd7ea5f6f545e48beebffa5\">Zinc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u00a32 coin\u2019s outer layer is made up of 20% zinc. Zinc production is linked to the exotic zinc mines of the beautiful Andean mountains, Peru. The local farmers have been fortunate enough to have livelihoods threatened and environments spoiled, and communities have boasted few, if any, returns. The Royal Mint has a proud and honest vision to \u2018contribute to millions of lives every day, in the United Kingdom and around the world\u2019 (Royal Mint ndb <a href=\"http:\/\/royalmint.com\/Corporate\/about\/vision.aspx\">link)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Two fortunate people have even sacrificed their lives protesting against a potential UK mining company that could lead to their waters becoming contaminated. It is clear that for these local people the zinc mines are contributing in a huge way to their everyday lives and futures. There was an exciting opportunity in the town of Tambogrande for Canadian mining company Manhattan, which \u2018would have uprooted 8,000 people and damaged the prized local agriculture\u2019 all for the extraction of zinc (O\u2019Shaughnessy 2007 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newint.org\/columns\/currents\/2007\/01\/01\/peru\/\">link<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If it wasn\u2019t for some 27,000 locals voting against it in a referendum the company would not have been forced to leave, Peruvians could even now be enjoying contaminated water, depleted crops and challenges over land ownership! If only Manhattan could have saved these people (ibid. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newint.org\/columns\/currents\/2007\/01\/01\/peru\/\">link<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-adef68ed42728faba845a378e4b259d7\">Nickel<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Nickel for your commemorative coin is likely to have been sourced from Norilsk Nickel, which controls one-third of the world\u2019s nickel and accounts for more than 20% of global nickel output [Stanovov 2009<a href=\"http:\/\/en.rian.ru\/russia\/20091120\/156916643.html\"> link<\/a>]. Norilsk Nickel sells to the London Metal Exchange; in the first half of 2010 it sold 1kton directly to the LME [Anon 2010<a href=\"http:\/\/community.livejournal.com\/norilsk_metal\/198280.html\"> link<\/a>]. The mine is situated in the city of Norilsk which in 2006 the International ecological fund \u201cBlacksmith Institute\u201d entitled the City of Horror.The following passage is a report on the city by the BBC\u2019s Richard Galpin (2007 <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/6528853.stm\">link<\/a>) and the smelter named \u2018Hope\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>From a distance it looks like a front of bad weather moving in and obscuring the otherwise pristine Arctic sky. But drive closer and the source of the long streams of &#8220;cloud&#8221; flowing over the city and far beyond becomes clear. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, the chimneys pump out a toxic cocktail of pollutants which the company responsible openly admits is mostly sulphur dioxide. Our guide, acting chief engineer Igor Dmitriev said, &#8220;Nine hundred thousand tons of sulphur dioxide are emitted by this plant that is the amount agreed with the government.&#8221; &#8220;In the summer the winds change and often the gas falls onto the city,&#8221; says local cameraman Andrei Razdevilov. &#8220;It&#8217;s felt by everyone and it becomes difficult to breathe&#8221;.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The nickel in your coin could well have come from \u2018Hope\u2019, the name of one of the smelters. \u2018The inner sanctum of \u2018Hope\u2019 is a deafening, choking cauldron. Vast furnaces roast the ore extracted from the mines, eventually disgorging streams of red-hot liquid metal into containers that dwarf the workers standing nearby\u2019 [Galpin 2007 <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/6528853.stm\">link<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018Mining and smelting operations began in the 1930s and this city now contains the world\u2019s largest heavy metals smelting complex, where nearly 500 tons each of copper and nickel oxides and two million tons of sulphur dioxide are released annually into the air\u2019&nbsp; [Egan 2001, p.28].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018The environmental organisation Greenpeace Russia says the pollution has created a 30km (19 mile) \u201cdead zone\u201d around the city and quotes scientists as saying the acid rain has spread across an area equivalent in size to Germany\u2019 [Galpin 2007 <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/6528853.stm\">link<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018It is a city where the snow is black, the air tastes of sulphur and the life expectancy for factory workers is 10 years below the Russian average. A 1999 study found elevated copper and nickel concentrations in soils in as much as a 60 km radius of the city. By some estimates, 1 percent of the entire global emission of sulphur dioxide originates here\u2019 [Egan 2001, p.28].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018The local population is severely affected by the air quality where air samples exceed the maximum allowable concentrations for both copper and nickel. Children suffer from numerous respiratory diseases. Investigations evaluating the presence of ear, nose and throat diseases among schoolchildren revealed that children living near the copper plant were twice as likely to become ill than those living in further districts. Similarly, children living near the nickel plant were shown to become ill at a rate 1.5 times higher than children from further districts. Mortality from respiratory diseases is considerably higher than the average in Russia, accounting for 15.8% of all deaths among children. Premature births and late-term pregnancy complications are also frequent. Sulphur dioxide emissions contribute to chronic diseases of the lungs, respiratory tracts, and digestive systems and can result in lung cancer\u2019. &#8230; Incidences of cancer (especially lung) have increased. Some estimates state that air pollution is responsible for 37% of children\u2019s morbidity rates and 21.6% of adult morbidity\u2019 [ibid., p.28-29].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-513df27478c6b0d7a11d2b13f0d1b7c6\">Copper<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018Chile is the world\u2019s largest copper producer and hosts about 30% of the globe\u2019s known copper resources and accounts for over 35% of global copper production &#8230; (For) the&nbsp;Chilean economy, copper accounts for 45% of exports\u2019 [Mbendi Information Services 2010 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mbendi.com\/indy\/ming\/cppr\/sa\/cl\/p0005.htm\">link<\/a>].<br><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018While the government and legal system has forced environmental regulations upon the copper mines, COLDECO officials admit that copper production is damaging the environment\u2019 (Anon 1997 <a href=\"http:\/\/www1.american.edu\/ted\/copper.htm\">link<\/a>].<br><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The smelting of the copper ore at the factories emits arsenic and carbon-monoxide which pollutes the air and water nearby.&nbsp;The parties at risk include: fishermen and farmers who live and work near the port of Caldera, marine life and animals that live in the area, and other people who live and work in the area (including the miners).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>This snippet from the Trade and Environment Database Case Study outlines the effects of copper mining:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Case Name: Copper Exports from Chile\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>20. &nbsp;Environmental Problem Type: MANY<br>The arsenic and carbon-monoxide which the copper factories emit not only endanger the animals which inhabit the areas that have been polluted, but also is damaging the atmosphere. &#8230;<\/em><br><em><br>22.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Resource Impact and Effect: HIGH and MEDIUM<\/em><br><em>Although Chuquicamata is the largest copper mine in the world, production peaked in 1990.&nbsp; Since then copper production at Chuquicamata has declined.&nbsp; Site managers are searching for new locations to mine copper.&nbsp; COLDECO spent five million dollars just in 1990 to drill new pits on the north and south sides of Chuquicamata.&nbsp; Opening new mines will spread the pollution problem other nearby areas (see CHILEAIR and CHILE cases).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>23.&nbsp; Urgency and Lifetime: MEDium and 100s of years<\/em><br><em>The average life expectancy in Chile was 68.5 for a male and 75.6 for female in 1994.&nbsp; Because their work damages their respiratory system, copper mine workers risk sickness and early death.&nbsp; The life spans of the animals and marine life that inhabit the area varies from species to species.&nbsp; There seem to be little talk about the extinction of these species as a result of the copper factories\u2019 pollution\u201d [Anon 1997 <a href=\"http:\/\/www1.american.edu\/ted\/copper.htm\">link<\/a>].<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018COLDECO has agreed to spend between $250 million and $300 million over the next decade (published 1997) to control gas emissions at Chuquicamata alone.&nbsp; In 1992, COLDECO spent US $13 million to conduct research in many areas, including environmental management\u2019 [Anon 1997 <a href=\"http:\/\/www1.american.edu\/ted\/copper.htm\">link<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Further impacts range from depleting water resources in the area [near to Fachinal,] an increase in prostitution and venereal diseases. Also locals had no previous mining experience. \u2018According to government statistics, 61% of the community members live in poverty, and their desire to break the poverty cycle gave them unrealistic expectations of the economic benefits that the mine would bring. \u201cFachinal was seen as a salvation,\u201d says Dr S\u00e1nchez. But the actual benefits were much smaller\u2019 [Egan2001 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idrc.ca\/en\/ev-5411-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html\">link<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the support of strong unions, miners are able to strike effectively, a notably dominant reason is for better pay and contractual stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018\u2019The blockade was lifted now that the company is willing to sit down and talk to us,\u2019 Armando Silva, head of one of three unions jointly negotiating a new collective contract, told Reuters. He added the company dropped its intentions to scrap some contract benefits that sparked the disagreements\u2019 [Soto 2009 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mineweb.com\/mineweb\/view\/mineweb\/en\/page36?oid=94308&amp;sn=Detail\">link<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018Critics say red tape has turned Codelco, which employs 20,000 people, into an inefficient behemoth that is losing market share against other global miners. Chile\u2019s conservative presidential front-runner, billionaire Sebastian Pinera, tipped to lead Sunday\u2019s vote and win a January run-off, wants to sell up to 20 percent of Codelco to improve company efficiency.&nbsp;However, the plan is seen as a non-starter due to resistance from Codelco\u2019s powerful unions and an expected divided Congress. Copper prices rising by 125 percent in 2009 has emboldened mine workers across the world to demand more of the windfall from mining companies\u2019 [Soto 2009 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mineweb.com\/mineweb\/view\/mineweb\/en\/page36?oid=94308&amp;sn=Detail\">link<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u2018In its community, Escondida created a non-profit charitable foundation to support educational, health, and technological development projects. As a result, it was more successful at injecting long-term benefits than the other mining companies, which focused more on economic activities with time frames limited to the mine\u2019s productive life\u2019 [Egan 2001 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idrc.ca\/en\/ev-5411-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html\">link<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2eeb9019d05a4a4c48cdb8a33ee45048\"><strong>Meet your miners<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Gilberto Angulos does not need to say a word to tell the tale of working 30 years in Chile&#8217;s mines. His broken body does all the talking for him. A jagged scar runs down his forehead. A metal plate keeps his fractured left forearm together. A bone never properly set juts from his left shoulder. The injuries are the remnants of a mine explosion that nearly killed him. In 2003, Angulos was driving excavation equipment in a large copper mine when he felt a rush of air. Instead of being killed, Angulos was taken 1,300 miles (2,092 km) south to Santiago, where he spent a year in the hospital. The damage to the miner was permanent. Now the San Jose mine collapse and got trapped 33 men in Chile. The owner and operator of that mine, the San Esteban Mining Co., did not complete promised improvements to the mine where the men were trapped for 70 days, 2,300 feet (701 meters) underground. Many of the 33 trapped miners and their peers had had numerous brushes with death in the depths of a mine. Mario Gomez had two fingers sliced off by falling rocks. Victor Segovia spent a year recovering after a rock slammed into his back. Franklin Lobos was trapped for three hours during a previous cave-in. Hector Avila worked 20 years in the mines and became close friends with several of the recently-trapped miners when he worked with them at the San Jose mine. A geologist was killed in the same 2007 accident, prompting the closure of the San Jose mine. But the mine was reopened soon after. Since 2000, 374 miners have died practicing their trade in Chile, according to government statistics [Murano 2010<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oddee.com\/item_97224.aspx\"> link<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ddf9ddbae1127532920625e656b11c42\"><strong>A special thanks<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This coin has been commissioned in order to enlighten ourselves about the histories and sources of everyday objects. Furthermore it is a satirical re-creation of the 2007 coin \u2018Am I not a Man and A Brother\u2019, whose inscription reads:<em> An Act For The Abolition Of The Slave Trade<\/em> (Royal Mint nd <a href=\"http:\/\/www.royalmint.com\/Corporate\/facts\/coins\/TwoPoundCoin.aspx\">link<\/a>), which we find ironic as the construction of the coins themselves perpetuate \u2018slave labour\u2019 and unsafe working conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><em><strong>Contrive magiscus sponte<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-normal-font-size\" style=\"background-color:#f8f2ee\">Page created by Mike Swan, Will Davies, Emma Christie-Miller, Becky Woolford, Meagan Wheatley, Maddie Redfern, Robbie Black, Lucy Webber, Jade Stevens, Katy Charlton &amp; Tom Bollands (a.k.a. Royally Minted) as part of the \u2018Geographies of material culture\u2019 module at the University of Exeter. Edited by Ian Cook (last updated March 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Anon (2010) Publication on NN. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e &#8220;\u041d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435&#8221;.<em> \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b<\/em> 30 August [<a href=\"http:\/\/community.livejournal.com\/norilsk_metal\/198280.html\">http:\/\/community.livejournal.com\/norilsk_metal\/198280.html<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Anon (1997) TED Case Studies: Chile Copper Exports.<em> american.edu<\/em> [<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.american.edu\/ted\/copper.htm\">www1.american.edu\/ted\/copper.htm<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Anon (nda) Benedetto Pistrucci. <em>Wikipedia.com <\/em>[<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benedetto_Pistrucci\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benedetto_Pistrucci<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Anon (ndb) 2007: Norilsk, Russia. <em>worstpolluted.org<\/em> [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worstpolluted.org\/projects_reports\/display\/43\">www.worstpolluted.org\/projects_reports\/display\/43<\/a> last accessed 25 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-small-font-size is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>+9 sources<\/summary>\n<p>Egan, L. (2001)<em> Investigating the Impact of Large Mines on Chilean Communities. <\/em>International Development Research Centre 3 September [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.idrc.ca\/en\/ev-5411-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html\">www.idrc.ca\/en\/ev-5411-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Galpin, R. (2007) Toxic truth of secretive Siberian city.<em> BBC News<\/em> 5 April [<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/6528853.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/6528853.stm<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>London Metal Exchange (nd) Setting the global standard.<em> lme.com<\/em> [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lme.com\/home.asp\">www.lme.com\/home.asp<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mbendi Information Services (2010) Copper mining in Chile &#8211; an overview. <em>mbendi.com<\/em> [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mbendi.com\/indy\/ming\/cppr\/sa\/cl\/p0005.htm\">www.mbendi.com\/indy\/ming\/cppr\/sa\/cl\/p0005.htm<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Murano, G. (2010) World\u2019s most dangerous jobs. <em>Oddee<\/em>.com 15 October [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oddee.com\/item_97224.aspx\">http:\/\/www.oddee.com\/item_97224.aspx<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O\u2019Shaughnessy, H (2007) Mine games.<em> New Internationalist<\/em> 1 January [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.newint.org\/columns\/currents\/2007\/01\/01\/peru\/\">www.newint.org\/columns\/currents\/2007\/01\/01\/peru\/<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Royal Mint (nd) United Kingdom \u00a32 Coin. <em>royalmint.com <\/em>[<a href=\"http:\/\/www.royalmint.com\/Corporate\/facts\/coins\/TwoPoundCoin.aspx\">www.royalmint.com\/Corporate\/facts\/coins\/TwoPoundCoin.aspx<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soto, A (2009) Chuquicamata copper mine \u2018indefinite&#8217; blockade ends after 19 hours.<em> Mineweb.com<\/em> 10 December [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mineweb.com\/mineweb\/view\/mineweb\/en\/page36?oid=94308&amp;sn=Detail\">www.mineweb.com\/mineweb\/view\/mineweb\/en\/page36?oid=94308&amp;sn=Detail<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stanovov, A. (2009) Norilsk Nickel acknowledges pollution, says measures taken.<em> RAI Novosti<\/em> 20 November [<a href=\"http:\/\/en.rian.ru\/russia\/20091120\/156916643.html\">http:\/\/en.rian.ru\/russia\/20091120\/156916643.html<\/a> last accessed 28 February 2011]<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-small-font-size is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Image credit<\/summary>\n<p>The Miners&#8217; \u00a32 Coin (https:\/\/royallyminted.wordpress.com\/) by Royally Minted (used with permission)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_15835\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"15835\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/followthethings.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>followthethings.comMoney &amp; Finance &#8220;Our Commemorative \u00a32 Coin&#8220;Undergraduate coursework written by Mike Swan, Will Davies, Emma Christie-Miller, Becky Woolford, Meagan Wheatley, Maddie Redfern, Robbie Black, Lucy Webber, Jade Stevens, Katy Charlton &amp; Tom Bollands (a.k.a Royally Minted).Available in full below. Originally posted online here. In 2010, students start the \u2018Geographies of Material Culture\u2019 by researching different [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_15835\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"15835\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 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